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About Civil Engineering

Civil engineering is a professional engineering branch concerned with the material design, construction, and maintenance of the naturally built environment and human-made physical structures. These objects include private buildings and infrastructure and public works such as bridges, canals, dams, roads, airports, structural components of buildings, sewage systems, pipelines, and railways.

It is estimated to be the second-oldest engineering branch after military engineering. Hardly any corner of the earth today is without the presence of civil engineering work. It has links with materials science, knowledge of soils, hydrology, structures, geography, geology, mechanics, project management, environmental science, and other fields.

Civil engineering education

Becoming a civil engineering professional requires an academic degree in civil engineering. The degree is typically a bachelor of engineering or technology, requiring three to five years of formal college or university education. The civil engineering curriculum generally has mathematics, physics, design, project management, and core civil engineering topics.

After compulsorily studying the basics of civil engineering sub-branches, many students choose to study and specialize in the advanced levels of one or more of its sub-disciplines. An undergraduate degree is usually sufficient for finding employment as a civil engineer. Students specializing in an advanced civil engineering stream or a related sub-discipline opt for post-graduate degrees.

Civil engineering sub-disciplines

Construction engineering

It is a professional engineering discipline dealing with the planning, designing, constructing, and managing of structures like tunnels, bridges, roads, facilities, buildings, airports, railroads, dams, utilities, and other projects.

Construction engineering is the sub-discipline of civil engineering involving design and project site management aspects. It aligns with business-like transactions like monitoring supply prices, evaluating logistical operations, and drafting and reviewing contracts.

Geotechnical engineering

Also known as geotechnics, geotechnical engineering is the civil engineering branch dealing with the engineering parameters of earth materials. It finds solutions for the respective engineering problems based on rock and soil mechanics principles. It also links to hydrology, geology, geophysics, and other related sciences.

Geotechnical (rock) engineering is also a sub-discipline of geological engineering. Geotechnical engineering finds mining, petroleum, military, offshore construction, and coastal engineering applications.

Materials science and engineering

It studies the characteristics and applications of construction or manufacturing materials. Material science forms the core of almost all engineering branches, not just civil engineering.

For civil engineering projects, we select structural material depending on its strength to withstand the compressive and tensile forces acting on it. Structural reinforcement materials (steel and concrete) are popular due to their high load-bearing capacity and internal structures.

Structural engineering

It is a vital branch of civil engineering. Structural Engineers perform calculations, create drawings and specifications, write reports and evaluations, review the work of other engineers, and observe construction sites.

Structural engineers perform the essential tasks of relating numerical parameters of physical forces to the physical design of force-resisting elements. By analysis, they determine forces acting on each structural component of a structure, like a beam in a design or configuration of elements. Design is the complementary process of analysis that configures various design elements to resist known forces.

Environmental engineering

The civil engineering branch treats chemical, biological, or thermal wastes, air and water purification, and cleaning contaminated sites after accidental contamination or waste disposal.

The main topics of environmental engineering are air and water purification, solid waste treatment, recycling, wastewater treatment, pollutant transport, and hazardous waste management. Environmental engineers help in green engineering, pollution reduction, and industrial ecology and gather and utilize information on the environmental consequences of proposed actions.

Surveying

A surveyor measures specific parameters on or near the earth’s surface. From the survey management data, they make a pictorial representation of a map of the earth’s surface. These maps are critical information for civil engineers, realtors, and contractors to design, build, and trade.

Transportation engineering

It is the branch of civil engineering concerned with the efficient and safe movement of people and goods. Transportation engineers design, build and maintain transportation infrastructure, including highways, rail systems, streets, canals, mass transit systems, ports, and airports. It includes transportation planning and design, some aspects of urban engineering, including traffic engineering and pavement engineering, queueing theory, infrastructure management, and Intelligent Transportation systems (ITS).

Water resources engineering

It is concerned with collecting and managing water and treating it as a natural resource. It has elements of hydrology, meteorology, conservation, environmental science, and resource management. This area of civil engineering plays a vital role in managing and predicting the quantity and quality of water in resources above ground (rivers, lakes, and streams) and underground aquifers.

Hydraulic engineering

The area of civil engineering deals with the flow and conveyance of fluids, mainly water. Hydraulic engineers also design pipelines, canals, water supply networks, and drainage facilities (including dams, bridges, channels, storm sewers, culverts, and levees). Hydraulic engineering uses the concepts of fluid statics, fluid dynamics, fluid pressure, and hydraulics, among others.

Municipal or urban engineering

This civil engineering specialization is concerned with urban or municipal infrastructure. The civil engineers working in this area design, construct, and maintain streets, street lighting, sidewalks, sewers, municipal solid waste management and disposal, water supply networks, storage depots for various bulk materials used for maintenance, public parks, and cycling infrastructure, and public works (sand, salt, etc.). It can also include optimization of bus service and waste collection networks. Municipal engineers sometimes design civil sites for industrial plants, campuses, and large buildings.

Where is civil engineering used?

Civil engineers do much more than design structures and build bridges. The following applications and industries extensively use civil engineering principles and methods:

• aerospace industry – designing space stations and jetliners
• automotive industry – optimizing the chassis capacity for load-carrying, enhancing the strength of doors and bumpers
• shipbuilding industry
• the power industry
• industries where constructed facilities are there. Overseeing facilities construction as construction managers

Civil engineering textbooks

Introduction to Civil Engineering – A Student’s Guide to Academic and Professional Success by Sheng-Taur Mau, Sami Maalouf. Publisher – Cognella Academic Publishing

Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers by Michael Mamlouk, John Zaniewski. Publisher – Pearson

Introduction to Infrastructure – An Introduction to Civil and Environmental Engineering by Michael R. Penn, Philip J. Parker. Publisher – Wiley

PPI FE Civil Review – A Comprehensive FE Civil Review Manual by Michael R. Lindeburg PE. Publisher – PPI, a Kaplan Company

PPI FE Civil Practice – Comprehensive Practice for the NCEES FE Civil Exam First Edition by Michael R. Lindeburg PE. Publisher – PPI, a Kaplan Company

Principles of Foundation Engineering by Braja M. Das, Nagaratnam Sivakugan. Publisher – Cengage Learning

Surveying – Principles and Applications by Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin. Publisher – Pearson